U zemlji na raskršću Evrope i Azije, već hiljadama godina prepliću se uticaji drevnih civilizacija. Brojni drevni lokaliteti današnje Turske svjedoče o njihovom usponu i padu, i privlače milione posjetilaca svake godine.

Mi vam predstavljamo samo neke od mnogih, koje možete posjetiti i tokom odmora u ovoj zemlji.

Moćni Efes

U blizini današnjeg gradića Seldžuka i samo 30km od Kušadasija, nekada je cvjetao antički grad Efes. U istoriji će zauvijek biti zabilježen kao dom jednog od Sedam svjetskih čuda – Artemidinog hrama. Nažalost, od monumentalnog hrama danas su ostali samo dijelovi temelja i stub. Ali zahvaljujući izuzetnom višedecenijskom naporu arheologa, Efes je iskopan i restauriran i danas predstavlja jedan od vrhunskih arheoloških lokaliteta. Među brojnim važnim iskopinama izdvajaju se hramovi, akvadukti, putevi, a prije svega rimska biblioteka i amfiteatar za 25.000 gledalaca. U ovom amfiteatru je, prema legendi, apostol Pavle propovijedao o hrišćanstvu, a vjeruje se da je i i sveti Jovan u Efesu napisao Jevanđelje po Jovanu. Ovdje je rođen i živio je poznati filozof Heraklit.

Efes je značajno arheološko nalazište i turistička atrakcija

Foto: Mücahit Gül from Pixabay

Likijske grobnice

Likija je nekadašnja regija u Anatoliji, koja se pomininje još u zapisima iz drevnog Egipta. O Likijcima danas najbolje svjedoče grobnice koje su ostavili za sobom i koje se nalaze na mnogim lokacijama širom Turske, povezanim takozvanom Likijskom rutom dugom 540km. Ruta se djelimično prostire uz obalu, ali zalazi i u kopno. Među značajnim grobnicama je i ona u gradiću Fetije na jugozapadnoj obali Turske. Grobnica je posvećena Amintasu, o kome se zna samo da je umro oko 350. godine prije nove ere. Vjeruje se da je bio značajna ličnost, budući da mu je izgrađena monumentalna grobnica koja izgleda kao jonski hram urezan u liticu iznad grada. U Fetijeu se inače nalazi i odličan muzej, u okolini ima još važnih istorijskih lokaliteta vrijednih istraživanja, a ovo je i poznato turističko mjesto na egejskoj obali.

Likijske grobnice nalaze se širom Turske

Foto: Ирина Кудрявцева from Pixabay

Mauzolej u Helikarnasu

Još jedno od Sedam svjetskih čuda nalazi se u današnjoj Turskoj. U antičkom gradu Helikarnasu, današnjem Bodrumu, karijski kralj Mauzol podigao je sebi tako grandiozan nadgrobni spomenik da se od tada po njegovom imenu sve velike grobnice zovu mauzoleji. Vjeruje se da je spomenik bio izgrađen na površini 30X40m, visine 45m. Grobnica i sarkofag bili su od alabastera, ukrašeni zlatom. Mauzolej su oko 350. godine prije nove ere izgradili grčki graditelji Satiros i Pitija.

U antičkom svijetu bio je poznat po svojoj ljepoti, dekoracijama i statuama poznatih grčkih skulptora. Ponosno je stajao 16 vijekova, a onda ga je oštetio snažan zemljotres koji je pogodio regiju. Kada su krstaši u 15. vijeku osvojili grad, koristili su kamenje mauzoleja za izgradnju svoje tvrđave. Ova tvrđava i dalje stoji i na njoj se jasno mogu vidjeti kameni blokovi mauzoleja. Neke od statua i dekoracija su sačuvane do danas, ali na mjestu gdje je nekada stajao Mauzolej, danas se mogu vidjeti samo ostaci temelja. Ipak, druga građevina koju je izgradio kralj Mauzol odoljela je zubu vremena. Radi se o spektakularnom kamenom amfiteatru sa 4.000 mjesta na brdu iznad Bodruma.

Mauzolej u Helikarnasu, današnji Bodrum

Foto: User bazylek100 at Flickr, https://www.flickr.com/photos/bazylek/ (Wikimedia Commons)

Uspon i pad civilizacija

O usponu i padu civilizacija svjedoči lokalitet Kaunos, samo nekoliko kilometara udaljen od današnjeg Dalijana (provincija Mugla). Ovo mjesto osnovali su Karijci u 10. vijeku prije nove ere, a zatim je ono postalo dio likijske države. Nakon viševijekovne smjene vladara, Kaunos je u 15. vijeku potpuno napušten zbog strašne epidemije malarije. Među važnim lokalitetima, izdvajaju se akropolj i utvrđenje Heraklion iz 5. vijeka prije nove ere, taeatar sa helenističkim i rimskim uticajima, rimsko kupatilo, vizantijska bazilika, karijske (4. vijek prije nove ere) i turske zidine, šest važnih grčko-rimskih hramova i drevne grobnice isklesane u stijenama. Ovdje na jednom mjestu posjetioci u samo nekoliko koraka mogu da se upoznaju sa skoro 2.000 godina dugom istorijom Kaunosa.

U Kaunosu se nalaze, između ostalog, i likijske grobnice

Foto: LoggaWiggler from Pixabay

2.000 godina duga pozorišna tradicija

Aspendos u blizini današnje Antalije je već u 5. vijeku prije nove ere bio najznačajniji grad ove regije, zahvaljujući trgovini solju, uljem i vunom. Smatra se da su ga osnovali Grci, nakon persijske vladavine osvojio ga je Aleksandar Makedonski, a zatim je uslijedio rimski pa vizantijski period. Među očuvanim istorijskim strukturama sa bazilika, agora i rimski akvadukt. Ipak, najvažnija građevina je kameni teatar iz 160. godine prije nove ere, koje se smatra jednim od najbolje očuvanih na svijetu. Originalno je imao kapacitet za 8.000 – 15.000 gledalaca, a u upotrebi je i danas. Svakog ljeta ovdje se održava međunarodni opersko-baletski festival.

U Aspendosu se nalazi jedan od najbolje očuvanih kamenih teatara klasičnog sveta

Foto: Helen Zimmer from Pixabay

Drevno ljubavno gnijezdo

Side je primorski gradić na južnoj obali Turske (Antalija). Osim modernog rizorta, ovdje se nalaze i ostaci drevnog grada, koji spadaju u jedan od najbolje očuvanih klasičnih lokaliteta u zemlji. Među brojnim važnim ostacima su Vespazijanova kapija, rimske zidine, akvadukt, popločani putevi, agora, ostaci hramova, lučko kupatilo i veliki teatar. Ovdje se, na samoj obali, nalaze i ostaci hrama posvećenog Apolonu. Prema legendi, na tom mjestu su se prvi put sreli Marko Antonije i Kleopatra.

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